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It has been revealed that the intensity of EEG waves on a frequency are related to one's sleep-wake cycle. The electrical activity seen on an EEG are called brain waves. Sleep researchers also use simplified electrocardiography (EKG) for cardiac activity and actigraphy for motor movements. Simultaneous collection of these measurements is called polysomnography, and can be performed in a specialized sleep laboratory. Key physiological methods for monitoring and measuring changes during sleep include electroencephalography (EEG) of brain waves, electrooculography (EOG) of eye movements, and electromyography (EMG) of skeletal muscle activity. All sleep, even during the day, is associated with secretion of prolactin. ĭuring slow-wave sleep, humans secrete bursts of growth hormone. In other words, sleeping persons perceive fewer stimuli, but can generally still respond to loud noises and other salient sensory events. In quiet waking, the brain is responsible for 20% of the body's energy use, thus this reduction has a noticeable effect on overall energy consumption. In areas with reduced activity, the brain restores its supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the molecule used for short-term storage and transport of energy. The brain uses significantly less energy during sleep than it does when awake, especially during non-REM sleep. The most pronounced physiological changes in sleep occur in the brain. Differences include the stages of sleep, sleep duration, and sex differences.

Ontogeny: Sleep manifests differently in babies, infants, children, adolescents, adults, and older adults.

Specific mechanisms involve neurotransmitters, genes, neural structures, and the circadian rhythm.

Mechanisms: Mechanisms regulate wakefulness, sleep onset, and sleep.

NREM and REM sleep exist in eutheria, marsupialiformes, and also evolved in birds.

Phylogeny: Sleep exists in invertebrates, lower vertebrates, and higher vertebrates.

Function: Energy restoration, metabolic regulation, thermoregulation, boosting immune system, detoxification, brain maturation, circuit reorganization, synaptic optimization, avoiding danger.

Sleep has been described using Tinbergen's four questions as a framework (Bode & Kuula, 2021):

1 Biology of sleep using Tinbergen's four questionsīiology of sleep using Tinbergen's four questions.

Keeping these devices out of the bedroom can promote better sleep health. Having electronic devices that emit artificial light in your bedroom also increases the chances that your sleep schedule will be negatively affected. Blue light, a specific type of artificial light, can disrupt the release of the hormone melatonin which aids in helping to facilitate sleepiness. One common source of artificial light are modern devices such as smartphones or televisions which have been shown to affect sleep health. The use of artificial light has substantially altered humanity's sleep patterns. Humans may suffer from various sleep disorders, including dyssomnias such as insomnia, hypersomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea parasomnias such as sleepwalking and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder bruxism and circadian rhythm sleep disorders. Sleep is a highly conserved behavior across animal evolution. The diverse purposes and mechanisms of sleep are the subject of substantial ongoing research. The internal circadian clock promotes sleep daily at night. During sleep, most of the body's systems are in an anabolic state, helping to restore the immune, nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems these are vital processes that maintain mood, memory, and cognitive function, and play a large role in the function of the endocrine and immune systems. A well-known feature of sleep is the dream, an experience typically recounted in narrative form, which resembles waking life while in progress, but which usually can later be distinguished as fantasy.

Although REM stands for "rapid eye movement", this mode of sleep has many other aspects, including virtual paralysis of the body. Sleep occurs in repeating periods, in which the body alternates between two distinct modes: REM sleep and non-REM sleep. It is distinguished from wakefulness by a decreased ability to react to stimuli, but more reactive than a coma or disorders of consciousness, with sleep displaying different, active brain patterns.

Sleep is a naturally recurring state of mind and body, characterized by altered consciousness, relatively inhibited sensory activity, reduced muscle activity and inhibition of nearly all voluntary muscles during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and reduced interactions with surroundings.

Sleep is associated with a state of muscle relaxation and reduced perception of environmental stimuli.